About
is a lexical database for English:
WordNet® is a large lexical database of English. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a distinct concept. Synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual-semantic and lexical relations. The resulting network of meaningfully related words and concepts can be navigated with the browser. WordNet is also freely and publicly available for download. WordNet’s structure makes it a useful tool for computational linguistics and natural language processing.
Install WordNet
We can download WordNet related source and data from the official website:
The most recent Windows version of WordNet is 2.1, released in March 2005. Version 3.0 for Unix/Linux/Solaris/etc. was released in December, 2006. Version 3.1 is currently availalbe only online.
For example, we will use WordNet3.0 as the stable release version, which now supports UNIX-like systems, including Linux, Mac OS X and Solaris. Before install WordNet from the source code, we should download it first. Download a tar-gzipped version:
Install WordNet on Unbuntu 16.04:
tar -zxvf WordNet-3.0.tar.gz
cd WordNet-3.0/
./configure
After configure in WordNet3.0, we met a configure problem:
…
checking for style of include used by make… GNU
checking dependency style of gcc… gcc3
checking for Tcl configuration… configure: WARNING: Can’t find Tcl configuration definitions
Install tcl-dev on Ubuntu can resolve this problem:
sudo apt-get install tcl-dev
Configure wordnet again:
./configure
But met another tk problem:
…
checking for style of include used by make… GNU
checking dependency style of gcc… gcc3
checking for Tcl configuration… found /usr/lib/tclConfig.sh
checking for Tk configuration… configure: WARNING: Can’t find Tk configuration definitions
Install tk-dev on Ubuntu too:
sudo apt-get install tk-dev
Finally configure it successfully:
./configure
WordNet is now configured
Installation directory: /usr/local/WordNet-3.0
To build and install WordNet:
make
make install
To run, environment variables should be set as follows:
PATH – include ${exec_prefix}/bin
WNHOME – if not using default installation location, set to /usr/local/WordNet-3.0
See INSTALL file for details and additional environment variables
which may need to be set on your system.
Now make it:
make
But met a compile error:
……
then mv -f “.deps/wishwn-stubs.Tpo” “.deps/wishwn-stubs.Po”; else rm -f “.deps/wishwn-stubs.Tpo”; exit 1; fi
stubs.c: In function ‘wn_findvalidsearches’:
stubs.c:43:14: error: ‘Tcl_Interp {aka struct Tcl_Interp}’ has no member named ‘result’
interp -> result =
The reason is that “Tcl 8.5 deprecated interp->result and Tcl 8.6+ removed it.”, you should modified the original wordnet code:
sudo vim src/stubs.c
and add a line “#define USE_INTERP_RESULT 1” before “include tcl.h”, like this:
#ifdef _WINDOWS #include <windows.h> #endif #define USE_INTERP_RESULT 1 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <tcl.h> #include <tk.h> #include <wn.h> ...... |
Make it again:
make
make all-recursive
make[1]: Entering directory ‘/home/textminer/wordnet/WordNet-3.0’
……
gcc -g -O2 -o wishwn wishwn-tkAppInit.o wishwn-stubs.o -L../lib -lWN -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -ltk8.6 -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -ltcl8.6 -lX11 -lXss -lXext -lXft -lfontconfig -lfreetype -lfontconfig -lpthread -ldl -lz -lpthread -lieee -lm
make[2]: Leaving directory ‘/home/textminer/wordnet/WordNet-3.0/src’
make[2]: Entering directory ‘/home/textminer/wordnet/WordNet-3.0’
make[2]: Leaving directory ‘/home/textminer/wordnet/WordNet-3.0’
make[1]: Leaving directory ‘/home/textminer/wordnet/WordNet-3.0’
Finally “make install” with it:
sudo make install
If everything is ok, you can find WordNew3.0 in the “/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/” directory, and in the binary subdirectory “/usr/local/WordNet-3.0/bin”, you can find the related binary files: wishwn wn wnb
After execute the wn:
./wn
We can get:
usage: wn word [-hgla] [-n#] -searchtype [-searchtype...] wn [-l] -h Display help text before search output -g Display gloss -l Display license and copyright notice -a Display lexicographer file information -o Display synset offset -s Display sense numbers in synsets -n# Search only sense number # searchtype is at least one of the following: -ants{n|v|a|r} Antonyms -hype{n|v} Hypernyms -hypo{n|v}, -tree{n|v} Hyponyms & Hyponym Tree -entav Verb Entailment -syns{n|v|a|r} Synonyms (ordered by estimated frequency) -smemn Member of Holonyms -ssubn Substance of Holonyms -sprtn Part of Holonyms -membn Has Member Meronyms -subsn Has Substance Meronyms -partn Has Part Meronyms -meron All Meronyms -holon All Holonyms -causv Cause to -pert{a|r} Pertainyms -attr{n|a} Attributes -deri{n|v} Derived Forms -domn{n|v|a|r} Domain -domt{n|v|a|r} Domain Terms -faml{n|v|a|r} Familiarity & Polysemy Count -framv Verb Frames -coor{n|v} Coordinate Terms (sisters) -simsv Synonyms (grouped by similarity of meaning) -hmern Hierarchical Meronyms -hholn Hierarchical Holonyms -grep{n|v|a|r} List of Compound Words -over Overview of Senses |
Now you can enjoy wordnet on your Ubuntu system.
Another simple way to install WordNet in Ubuntu is by apt-get:
sudo apt install wordnet
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information… Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core libfontconfig1 libtcl8.5 libtk8.5
libxft2 libxrender1 libxss1 wordnet-base wordnet-gui x11-common
Suggested packages:
tcl8.5 tk8.5
The following NEW packages will be installed:
fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core libfontconfig1 libtcl8.5 libtk8.5
libxft2 libxrender1 libxss1 wordnet wordnet-base wordnet-gui x11-common
0 upgraded, 12 newly installed, 0 to remove and 94 not upgraded.
Need to get 9,177 kB of archives.
After this operation, 39.8 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
……
Setting up libxss1:amd64 (1:1.2.2-1) …
Setting up libtcl8.5:amd64 (8.5.19-1) …
Setting up libtk8.5:amd64 (8.5.19-1ubuntu1) …
Setting up wordnet-base (1:3.0-33) …
Setting up wordnet (1:3.0-33) …
Setting up wordnet-gui (1:3.0-33) …
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu3) …
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu8) …
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) …
Now you can type “wn” to test WordNet same as before.
Install WordNet on Mac OS:
Install wordnet from the source on Mac OS is simpler, cause the tcl and tk dev is default on the Mac OS, you will met the same compile problem too:
But met a compile error:
……
stubs.c: In function ‘wn_findvalidsearches’:
stubs.c:43: error: ‘Tcl_Interp’ has no member named ‘result’
stubs.c:55: error: ‘Tcl_Interp’ has no member named ‘result’
The resolve method is still modify the original wordnet code:
sudo vim src/stubs.c
and add a line “#define USE_INTERP_RESULT 1” before “include tcl.h”, like this:
#ifdef _WINDOWS #include <windows.h> #endif #define USE_INTERP_RESULT 1 #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <tcl.h> #include <tk.h> #include <wn.h> ...... |
Test WordNet
We test word “book” by WordNet:
wn book
Information available for noun book -hypen Hypernyms -hypon, -treen Hyponyms & Hyponym Tree -synsn Synonyms (ordered by estimated frequency) -sprtn Part of Holonyms -membn Has Member Meronyms -partn Has Part Meronyms -meron All Meronyms -holon All Holonyms -derin Derived Forms -domnn Domain -domtn Domain Terms -famln Familiarity & Polysemy Count -coorn Coordinate Terms (sisters) -hmern Hierarchical Meronyms -hholn Hierarchical Holonyms -grepn List of Compound Words -over Overview of Senses Information available for verb book -hypev Hypernyms -hypov, -treev Hyponyms & Hyponym Tree -entav Verb Entailment -synsv Synonyms (ordered by estimated frequency) -deriv Derived Forms -famlv Familiarity & Polysemy Count -framv Verb Frames -coorv Coordinate Terms (sisters) -simsv Synonyms (grouped by similarity of meaning) -grepv List of Compound Words -over Overview of Senses No information available for adj book No information available for adv book |
Continue:
wn book -hypen
Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun book 11 senses of book Sense 1 book => publication => work, piece of work => product, production => creation => artifact, artefact => whole, unit => object, physical object => physical entity => entity Sense 2 book, volume => product, production => creation => artifact, artefact => whole, unit => object, physical object => physical entity => entity Sense 3 record, record book, book => fact => information, info => message, content, subject matter, substance => communication => abstraction, abstract entity => entity Sense 4 script, book, playscript => dramatic composition, dramatic work => writing, written material, piece of writing => written communication, written language, black and white => communication => abstraction, abstract entity => entity Sense 5 ledger, leger, account book, book of account, book => record => document => communication => abstraction, abstract entity => entity Sense 6 book => collection, aggregation, accumulation, assemblage => group, grouping => abstraction, abstract entity => entity Sense 7 book, rule book => collection, aggregation, accumulation, assemblage => group, grouping => abstraction, abstract entity => entity Sense 8 Koran, Quran, al-Qur'an, Book INSTANCE OF=> sacred text, sacred writing, religious writing, religious text => writing, written material, piece of writing => written communication, written language, black and white => communication => abstraction, abstract entity => entity Sense 9 Bible, Christian Bible, Book, Good Book, Holy Scripture, Holy Writ, Scripture, Word of God, Word => sacred text, sacred writing, religious writing, religious text => writing, written material, piece of writing => written communication, written language, black and white => communication => abstraction, abstract entity => entity Sense 10 book => section, subdivision => writing, written material, piece of writing => written communication, written language, black and white => communication => abstraction, abstract entity => entity => music => auditory communication => communication => abstraction, abstract entity => entity Sense 11 book => product, production => creation => artifact, artefact => whole, unit => object, physical object => physical entity => entity |
Continue:
wn book -hypon
Hyponyms of noun book 7 of 11 senses of book Sense 1 book => authority => curiosa => formulary, pharmacopeia => trade book, trade edition => bestiary => catechism => pop-up book, pop-up => storybook => tome => booklet, brochure, folder, leaflet, pamphlet => textbook, text, text edition, schoolbook, school text => workbook => copybook => appointment book, appointment calendar => catalog, catalogue => phrase book => playbook => prayer book, prayerbook => reference book, reference, reference work, book of facts => review copy => songbook => yearbook HAS INSTANCE=> Das Kapital, Capital HAS INSTANCE=> Erewhon HAS INSTANCE=> Utopia Sense 2 book, volume => album => coffee-table book => folio => hardback, hardcover => journal => novel => order book => paperback book, paper-back book, paperback, softback book, softback, soft-cover book, soft-cover => picture book => sketchbook, sketch block, sketch pad => notebook Sense 3 record, record book, book => logbook => won-lost record => card, scorecard Sense 4 script, book, playscript => promptbook, prompt copy => continuity => dialogue, dialog => libretto => scenario => screenplay => shooting script Sense 5 ledger, leger, account book, book of account, book => cost ledger => general ledger => subsidiary ledger => daybook, journal Sense 9 Bible, Christian Bible, Book, Good Book, Holy Scripture, Holy Writ, Scripture, Word of God, Word => family Bible HAS INSTANCE=> Vulgate HAS INSTANCE=> Douay Bible, Douay Version, Douay-Rheims Bible, Douay-Rheims Version, Rheims-Douay Bible, Rheims-Douay Version HAS INSTANCE=> Authorized Version, King James Version, King James Bible HAS INSTANCE=> Revised Version HAS INSTANCE=> New English Bible HAS INSTANCE=> American Standard Version, American Revised Version HAS INSTANCE=> Revised Standard Version Sense 10 book HAS INSTANCE=> Genesis, Book of Genesis HAS INSTANCE=> Exodus, Book of Exodus HAS INSTANCE=> Leviticus, Book of Leviticus HAS INSTANCE=> Numbers, Book of Numbers HAS INSTANCE=> Deuteronomy, Book of Deuteronomy HAS INSTANCE=> Joshua, Josue, Book of Joshua HAS INSTANCE=> Judges, Book of Judges HAS INSTANCE=> Ruth, Book of Ruth HAS INSTANCE=> I Samuel, 1 Samuel HAS INSTANCE=> II Samuel, 2 Samuel HAS INSTANCE=> I Kings, 1 Kings HAS INSTANCE=> II Kings, 2 Kings HAS INSTANCE=> I Chronicles, 1 Chronicles HAS INSTANCE=> II Chronicles, 2 Chronicles HAS INSTANCE=> Ezra, Book of Ezra HAS INSTANCE=> Nehemiah, Book of Nehemiah HAS INSTANCE=> Esther, Book of Esther HAS INSTANCE=> Job, Book of Job HAS INSTANCE=> Psalms, Book of Psalms HAS INSTANCE=> Proverbs, Book of Proverbs HAS INSTANCE=> Ecclesiastes, Book of Ecclesiastes HAS INSTANCE=> Song of Songs, Song of Solomon, Canticle of Canticles, Canticles HAS INSTANCE=> Isaiah, Book of Isaiah HAS INSTANCE=> Jeremiah, Book of Jeremiah HAS INSTANCE=> Lamentations, Book of Lamentations HAS INSTANCE=> Ezekiel, Ezechiel, Book of Ezekiel HAS INSTANCE=> Daniel, Book of Daniel, Book of the Prophet Daniel HAS INSTANCE=> Hosea, Book of Hosea HAS INSTANCE=> Joel, Book of Joel HAS INSTANCE=> Amos, Book of Amos HAS INSTANCE=> Obadiah, Abdias, Book of Obadiah HAS INSTANCE=> Jonah, Book of Jonah HAS INSTANCE=> Micah, Micheas, Book of Micah HAS INSTANCE=> Nahum, Book of Nahum HAS INSTANCE=> Habakkuk, Habacuc, Book of Habakkuk HAS INSTANCE=> Zephaniah, Sophonias, Book of Zephaniah HAS INSTANCE=> Haggai, Aggeus, Book of Haggai HAS INSTANCE=> Zechariah, Zacharias, Book of Zachariah HAS INSTANCE=> Malachi, Malachias, Book of Malachi HAS INSTANCE=> Matthew, Gospel According to Matthew HAS INSTANCE=> Mark, Gospel According to Mark HAS INSTANCE=> Luke, Gospel of Luke, Gospel According to Luke HAS INSTANCE=> John, Gospel According to John HAS INSTANCE=> Acts of the Apostles, Acts => Epistle HAS INSTANCE=> Revelation, Revelation of Saint John the Divine, Apocalypse, Book of Revelation HAS INSTANCE=> Additions to Esther HAS INSTANCE=> Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Children HAS INSTANCE=> Susanna, Book of Susanna HAS INSTANCE=> Bel and the Dragon HAS INSTANCE=> Baruch, Book of Baruch HAS INSTANCE=> Letter of Jeremiah, Epistle of Jeremiah HAS INSTANCE=> Tobit, Book of Tobit HAS INSTANCE=> Judith, Book of Judith HAS INSTANCE=> I Esdra, 1 Esdras HAS INSTANCE=> II Esdras, 2 Esdras HAS INSTANCE=> Ben Sira, Sirach, Ecclesiasticus, Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach HAS INSTANCE=> Wisdom of Solomon, Wisdom HAS INSTANCE=> I Maccabees, 1 Maccabees HAS INSTANCE=> II Maccabees, 2 Maccabees |
Let’s test the word “dog”:
wn dog
Information available for noun dog -hypen Hypernyms -hypon, -treen Hyponyms & Hyponym Tree -synsn Synonyms (ordered by estimated frequency) -smemn Member of Holonyms -sprtn Part of Holonyms -partn Has Part Meronyms -meron All Meronyms -holon All Holonyms -famln Familiarity & Polysemy Count -coorn Coordinate Terms (sisters) -hmern Hierarchical Meronyms -hholn Hierarchical Holonyms -grepn List of Compound Words -over Overview of Senses Information available for verb dog -hypev Hypernyms -hypov, -treev Hyponyms & Hyponym Tree -synsv Synonyms (ordered by estimated frequency) -famlv Familiarity & Polysemy Count -framv Verb Frames -coorv Coordinate Terms (sisters) -simsv Synonyms (grouped by similarity of meaning) -grepv List of Compound Words -over Overview of Senses No information available for adj dog No information available for adv dog |
Let’s find the synset for noun dog:
wn dog -synsn
Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of noun dog 7 senses of dog Sense 1 dog, domestic dog, Canis familiaris => canine, canid => domestic animal, domesticated animal Sense 2 frump, dog => unpleasant woman, disagreeable woman Sense 3 dog => chap, fellow, feller, fella, lad, gent, blighter, cuss, bloke Sense 4 cad, bounder, blackguard, dog, hound, heel => villain, scoundrel Sense 5 frank, frankfurter, hotdog, hot dog, dog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie => sausage Sense 6 pawl, detent, click, dog => catch, stop Sense 7 andiron, firedog, dog, dog-iron => support |
Let’s find the synset for verb dog:
wn dog -synsv
Synonyms/Hypernyms (Ordered by Estimated Frequency) of verb dog 1 sense of dog Sense 1 chase, chase after, trail, tail, tag, give chase, dog, go after, track => pursue, follow |
Just enjoy it.